N221BP

On September 14, 1993, at 1642 hours Pacific daylight time, an experimental Pond Racer airplane, N221BP, operated by Bob Pond Racing, Inc., was destroyed during an off airport emergency landing at Lemmon Valley, Nevada. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the race qualification flight. The airline transport pilot, the sole occupant, was fatally injured.

The pilot had just requested the timing clock between pylons number five and six when he abruptly initiated a pull up and stated that he was leaving the course. He then advised his pit crew that he had a little problem with the right engine. The tower advised the pilot that he was trailing smoke.

As the pilot was maneuvering east bound at the apex of his climb in the vicinity of the home pylon, a puff of smoke about the size of the aircraft was observed from the area of the right engine. The right propeller was then observed to come to an abrupt stop in the unfeathered position. Next, the landing gear was seen to extend then retract.

The aircraft ground pit crew observed the accident sequence. According to their statements, the rate of smoke dissipation from the right engine on the accident flight appeared to be an oil smoke or oil vapor rather than a coolant type vapor. In their opinion, the puff of smoke over the finish pylon was most probably from a rod failure penetrating the crankcase and/or water jacket.

As the airplane approached abeam of the numbers on the north side of runway 26, it was observed to pitch down while turning right to a southeasterly heading. The aircraft entered a rapid descent on an angle estimated by witnesses between 20 to 30 degrees, at an estimated speed of 200 miles per hour. The airplane collided with soft undulating desert terrain in a wings level, near landing, attitude without a pitch change and with the landing gear retracted.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The pilot reported 12,500 hours at his August 5, 1993, first class flight physical, with 500 hours in the preceding six months. The pilot was type rated in B-737, DC-3, DC-9, DC-B26, T-33 and N-B25 aircraft. According to ground crew members, the pilot had flown the accident aircraft for approximately 45 to 50 hours.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The one of a kind composite airframe was manufactured by Scaled Composites, Inc., as an experimental research and development air racing aircraft with a 25.4 foot wing span and a maximum gross weight of 4,150 pounds. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had accrued about 75 total flight hours and had been flown by four different pilots during the initial flight testing and certification. The airplane had reportedly demonstrated excellent single engine performance in flight testing and during actual emergencies.

The aircraft is of a twin boom design, similar to a Lockheed P-38. A derivative automotive type Nissan/Electromotive V-6 engine is installed at the forward end of each twenty foot boom. The landing gear and the coolant radiators are positioned behind each engine. A five pound Halon fire bottle for each engine is located in the respective wheel well. The right Halon bottle and valve assembly was destroyed in the post crash fire. During the flight testing and development of the aircraft, several engines were replaced for a variety of reasons.

The engines installed on the aircraft were highly modified six cylinder Nissan Electromotive VG-30T water cooled and turbo charged engines. During the accident flight the engines were operated at 1,000 horsepower each at 8,000 rpm. During development, the engines were operated at a power output of 650 horsepower each.

According to the aircraft operator, several engine failure episodes were experienced during developmental testing. Loss of oil and oil pressure led to bearing failures and subsequent connecting rod failures. A typical scenario that they had experienced was for the crankcase to become pressurized either during the use of alcohol fuel or due to a failing piston, which would then pressurize the crankcase and pump engine oil overboard.

The right engine had been installed at Mojave prior to the flight to Reno. According to the operator's personnel, the engine had operated normally on the positioning flight to Reno.

The wet wing design carries about 80 gallons of fuel distributed from tip to tip. The fuel system boost pumps, electric shutoff valves, and fuel lines are located in the cockpit between the pilot's feet and legs.

For inflight emergency egress the Plexiglas canopy is ringed with explosive cord designed to shatter the canopy. Two pull ring squids are located on either side of the canopy frame to ignite the cord. During examination of the wreckage, the explosive cord was found unused and the pull rings were in position. The pilot wore a backpack parachute.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The wreckage site was located about two miles southeast of the Reno Stead Airport in an area known as Lemmon Valley. The wreckage path was measured to be about 900 feet in length on a magnetic heading of 185 degrees. The first ground scars were identified as two parallel ground disturbances on the right side of the extended median wreckage distribution line. The tracks were dimensionally similar to the propeller blades.

Four propeller blade strikes were found on the left side of the wreckage path centerline at a point 50 feet from the initial ground scars. On the opposite side of the strikes, a ground scar was located which was dimensionally similar to the right engine nacelle.

Over the next 400 feet of the wreckage path, various nacelle impact signatures, right wing tip impact signatures, three sections of the canopy plexiglas and the right wing tip were distributed. The first signature of a fire was located on a natural desert bush near the centerline of the wreckage path, about 350 feet from the main wreckage location. The pilot's helmet, oxygen mask/microphone and unplugged oxygen hose was found on the left side of the wreckage path near the right aileron.

At 180 feet from the final wreckage location, the left engine propeller assembly was found on the right side of the wreckage path with the blades in the feathered position. Examination of the propeller revealed chordwise striations on the blades and trailing edge "S" bending.

At a point 135 feet from the main wreckage point of rest, desert brush was noted to be burned on the left side of the wreckage path. A fuselage ground scar was noted on the centerline of the distribution line. On the right side of the centerline was located a right nacelle ground scar.

Examination of the main wreckage revealed that the post crash fire had destroyed the entire cockpit, right wing, and the wing center section. Examination of the airframe revealed that the structural components were all accounted for and the main structure was intact with boom separations at the horizontal stabilizer. Control continuity was not possible due to the extent of the fire.

The left wing and fuel tank area remained intact. The center section tank area was destroyed by fire. The right wing outboard of the fuselage and boom was totally destroyed by fire except for the wing spar. The fuel system boost pumps and electric shutoff valves located between the pilot's feet and legs were destroyed by fire. One of the two fuel pumps and shutoff valves was found several feet beyond the main wreckage.

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

On September 15, 1993, the Washoe County Medical Examiner performed an autopsy on the pilot. According to the autopsy report, the cause of death was thermal burns. Soot was found in the tracheal mucosa and larynx. No pre-existing conditions were noted during the autopsy that would have adversely affected the decedent's abilities to pilot the aircraft. Specimens were obtained during the autopsy for toxicological examination by the FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

The results of the toxicological analysis conducted on the specimens were negative for all screened drug substances and alcohol. Carbon Monoxide saturation in the blood was positive at eight percent.

TESTS AND RESEARCH

On March 23, 1994, an examination of the right engine was conducted. During the course of the examination, it was determined by the engine manufacturer's technical representative that the number one and two connecting rods had overheated and failed from lack of oil. The rods, caps, and throws all exhibited heat signatures with blueing of the steel components. The failures had created holes in the oil pan and crankcase/water jacket of the engine. The engine had seized and would not turn. A limited borescope examination of the cylinders revealed a possible metal transfer between the piston and the cylinder wall of the number two cylinder.

Examination of the right aft boom section revealed a light oil residue on the exterior.

The oil filter element was cut open and examined, with fine particles of aluminum found throughout. The engine oil pump was disassembled and examined. The drive belt was intact and undamaged. The pump and scavenge gears exhibited normal wear signature. All sections of the pump had trace amounts of aluminum particles.

The four blade Hartzell propeller was still attached to the gear box/drive shaft. The two lower blades exhibited aft bending. The inboard upper blade exhibited extensive fire damage.

An electronic data logger recorder was recovered from the left engine. The data was retrieved from non-volatile memory documented all of the parameters of operation at the time of the accident. According to the data logger, about sixty seconds before ground impact the throttle position was reduced to about twenty percent open. About ten seconds before ground impact, the throttle was increased to about sixty percent open. The parameters recorded at that time were: 1) 6,805 engine revolutions per minute, 2) 1,829 propeller revolution...