N94741

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On September 9, 2009, about 0945 mountain standard time, a Cessna 152, N94741, and a Piper PA-18-161, N994T, collided about 4,500 feet mean sea level (MSL) while located about one-half mile east of Coolidge, Arizona. Neither the flight instructor nor his dual student in the PA-28-161 were injured, but one of the private pilots in the Cessna 152 received serious injuries, and the second private pilot in the Cessna 152 was killed during the accident sequence. The Cessna 152, which was operated by Air Safety Flight Academy (ASFA), was substantially damaged by the mid-air collision and the subsequent ground impact. The Piper PA-28-161, which was operated by Oxford Airline Training Center, sustained substantial damage as a result of the mid-air collision and an off-airport power-out forced landing. At the time of the accident, the Piper PA-28 was in the process of entering the holding pattern associated with the GPS approach to runway 23 at Casa Grande Airport, Casa Grande, Arizona, and the Cessna 152 was in an en route climb after departing Coolidge Municipal Airport, Coolidge, Arizona. The Cessna 152 flight originated at Glendale Municipal airport, Glendale, Arizona, about 0700. The PA-28 flight originated at Goodyear Airport, Goodyear, Arizona, at 0830. Both airplanes were operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 91, and both airplanes were in visual meteorological conditions. Neither flight crew had filed a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) flight plan.

According to the pilots in the PA-28, after departing Goodyear Airport, they proceeded to the Stanfield VOR (VHF Omni-directional Radio Range), where the dual student practiced holding before shooting two ILS (Instrument Landing System) approaches to Runway 05 at Casa Grande, Arizona (KCGZ). After the second ILS approach, the student executed a touch and go landing on Runway 05, and then after entering the Runway 05 upwind, announced on the KCGZ Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) that they were on the upwind and would be tracking outbound to AYZUT (the initial approach fix (IAF) for the Global Positioning System (GPS) approach to runway 23 at Casa Grande). While passing through about 500 feet above ground level (agl), the crew of the PA-28 made another call on the KCGZ CTAF frequency, stating that they would be climbing to 4,500 feet to enter the hold at AYZUT. About that time, they also entered the frequency for the Arizona Fight Training Workgroup's (AFTW's) southeast practice area (122.85) in their number 2 communications radio. [Note: Both airplanes were operated by flight schools that are voluntary participants in AFTW. Among other things, AFTW provides an on-line Phoenix Area Terminal Area Chart that depicts AFTW-defined practice areas, within which the airplanes of participants transmit, receive, and monitor activity on specific AFTW designated frequencies (see aftw.org).] As they passed through 3,500 feet, the dual student made a call on the KCGZ CTAF, stating that they would be entering the hold at AYZUT in about one minute and thirty seconds. He then repeated that same call on the southwest practice area frequency. Upon reaching 4,500 feet, the dual student again transmitted on the KCGZ CTAF that he would be entering the hold at AYZUT. When the airplane was about 30 seconds from the IAF, the dual student made another call on the KCGZ CTAF, stating that he would be entering the hold in 30 seconds. Reportedly, up to that point in time, the crew of the PA-28 had heard a few other airplanes make calls on the KCGZ CTAF, but the advisory calls from these other airplanes indicated that their activities did not involve the area near the holding pattern at AYZUT or the inbound GPS approach course to Runway 23 at Casa Grande. The two crew members also heard a few calls from airplanes on the southeast practice area frequency, but all of those airplanes were near Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (KIWA), which is located about 25 statute miles north-northwest of AYZUT. After reaching AYZUT at 4,500 feet, the dual student turned to a heading of 078 degrees to execute a parallel entry into the holding pattern, which had an inbound course of 258 degrees, and then made a call on the KCGZ CTAF to announce that he was entering the hold. The dual student then flew on the heading of 078 degrees for one minute, during which time neither he nor the CFI heard any calls on the southeast practice area frequency. He then turned right to a heading of about 288 degrees to intercept the inbound course. The dual student then transmitted on the KCGZ CTAF that he was "procedure turn inbound," for the GPS Runway 23 approach. Within what the occupants thought was about 10 to 15 seconds after rolling out on the intercept heading of 288 degrees; they both felt a sudden impact, followed immediately by the cessation of the rotation of the airplane's propeller.

Immediately after the impact, the airplane lost approximately 1,000 feet, in what was estimated by the occupants to be about three to four seconds. At that point in time, the CFI took control of the airplane and looked for a field in which to perform a power-off forced landing. The CFI selected a field, and as he maneuvered toward it, the dual student made emergency radio calls; first on KCGZ CTAF, then on the VHF emergency frequency of 121.5, then on 120.1 ( the tower frequency at Phoenix-Goodyear Airport; their home base), and then on the Phoenix Approach Control frequency for the area they were in (123.7). As the CFI approached the field, he slipped the airplane in order to lose more altitude without increasing his airspeed. Almost immediately after the airplane touched down, its left main gear separated from the airframe, and the airplane slid/rolled to a stop.

According to both occupants, from the time they departed Casa Grande heading to AYZUT, until the moment of impact, neither of them heard any pilots announce that they were departing Coolidge Airport, or climbing to the north after having departed Coolidge Airport. Both occupants stated that neither one of them saw the Cessna 152 prior to the collision, nor at the time of the impact did they realize that there had been a collision between themselves and another airplane. It was only after the CFI took control of the airplane that the dual student, who had been wearing a vision restricting instrument training hood prior to the impact, saw what appeared to be part of another airplane sticking out of the left side of the cowling area of the PA-28.

According to a representative of Air Safety Flight Academy (ASFA), the two private pilots in the Cessna 152 were performing a dual-crew cross county flight in accordance with the ASFA FAR Part 61 Instrument Flight Training Syllabus. The lesson requirements called for the flight to depart Glendale Municipal Airport (KGEU), Glendale, Arizona, and to proceed to Marana Regional Airport KAVQ), Marana, Arizona, with the flying pilot sitting in the left seat. During the en route portion of the flight, the flying pilot was to operate the airplane in a simulated Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) mode, while wearing an instrument training vision restricting device (instrument hood). Upon arriving in Marana, the flying pilot was to park the airplane, shut the engine down, and then after making an external inspection, the pilots were to switch seats, and the other pilot would fly a simulated IFR leg back to Glendale Municipal Airport. During both legs of the flight, the non-flying pilot was to, "…look out for traffic and act as a safety pilot." The lesson did not authorize any touch-and-go or full-stop landings at any airports except the initial point of departure (Glendale Municipal) and the planned turnaround point (Marana Regional).

According to the surviving pilot, he flew the first leg of the flight, which terminated at Marana Regional Airport, from the left seat. After landing at Marana, he switched seats with the other pilot, who was to fly the return leg to Glendale Municipal Airport. For reasons that were unable to be determined during the post-accident interview process, while en route back to Glendale, the occupants of the Cessna 152 decided to proceed to Coolidge Municipal Airport, Coolidge, Arizona, in order to, "…do some touch-and-go's." After performing an undetermined number of touch-and-go landings to Runway 05 at Coolidge, about 0937 the left seat (flying) pilot began a climb-out that started to the northeast, and according to recorded radar data, then began a turn to the left while passing through about 2,000 feet. The pilot continued the turn to the left, and initially rolled out on a ground track of about 245 magnetic degrees. Then about one minute later, when the airplane was due north of Coolidge Municipal Airport, the pilot turned slightly back to the right to a ground track of about 265 magnetic degrees. The radar data showed that the pilot maintained the track of about 265 magnetic degrees, and continued to climb, until the two airplanes collided. The radar data indicated that during the climb, the pilot was maintaining a climb rate that averaged between 700 and 750 feet per minute.

During the collision sequence, the right wing of the 152 separated about two feet outboard of the lift strut attach fitting, and the aft portion of its fuselage separated at the second bulkhead forward of the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer. The Cessna 152 then entered an uncontrolled descent, during which the pilot in the left seat was ejected from the airplane. The airplane eventually impacted a flat open dirt field in the inverted position. When the Cessna 152 came to rest, the non-flying pilot, who ultimately recovered from the injuries he sustained during the accident sequence, was still strapped in the right seat.

In a couple of post-accident interviews with the surviving pilot in the Cessna 152, he stated that the event had been a big shock, and that he could not...