N7133G

HISTORY OF FLIGHTOn April 17, 2016, about 1629 Pacific daylight time, a Cessna 172K, N7133G, was destroyed when it impacted terrain during a landing attempt at Airport in the Sky (AVX), Santa Catalina Island/Avalon, California. The private pilot and his passenger received serious injuries. The personal flight was conducted under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed.

AVX is situated in rugged terrain, atop a mountain that was leveled off to construct the airport. Under the approach path to runway 22, the terrain rises steeply to the airport elevation and runway threshold. According to a pilot and his friend who were standing at the airport watching the airplane arrive, when on final approach to runway 22, it appeared low, and possibly slow as well. The pilot-witness waited for the engine sound to increase to indicate a climb attempt, but he did not hear that. As the airplane began descending below the local horizon, the witnesses observed it enter a very steep right-wing down bank, and disappear from view. They listened and watched for indication of either impact or a successful escape, but heard and saw nothing to indicate either. They then notified the airport operations staff that they believed the airplane had crashed.

The two witnesses departed soon thereafter in another Cessna 172 (N365ES), and conducted a brief and unsuccessful visual scan for the airplane. About 2 minutes later, they heard a radio call on the AVX common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) to another airplane, indicating that the US Coast Guard had detected an ELT signal about 0.7 miles southeast of the airport. The pilot-witness announced that he was returning to the area to conduct a visual aerial search, and that he suspected that the accident site was north of the airport. Shortly thereafter, the pilot-witness and his passenger located the wreckage, and guided ground personnel to it. They were also successful in establishing radio communications with the accident pilot, who was using his handheld aviation transceiver.

According to the accident pilot, he was approaching runway 22 for a landing when he determined that the airplane was too low. He attempted to climb and turn to avoid terrain. The airplane banked sharply to the right, and struck terrain shortly thereafter. The airplane came to rest nearly inverted, and the pilot was able to exit the airplane. His passenger remained trapped in the wreckage, but there was no fire.

First responders extracted the passenger, and both she and the pilot were airlifted to a mainland hospital. The wreckage was recovered to a secure facility for investigative examination. PERSONNEL INFORMATIONThe pilot held a private pilot certificate with an instrument rating. He was one of five co-owners of the airplane, and had purchased his share about 2 months before the accident, in late February 2016. The pilot reported that as of the date of the accident, he had about 174 hours total flight experience, including about 84 hours in the accident airplane make and model. His most recent flight review was completed in November 2015, and his most recent Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) third-class medical certificate was issued in April 2013. AIRCRAFT INFORMATIONFAA information indicated that the airplane was manufactured in 1969, and was equipped with a Lycoming O-320 series engine. A review of airplane maintenance records revealed that the most recent annual inspection was completed in January 2016. At that time, the airplane had a total time in service of about 4,952 hours. The maintenance records did not reveal any unusual or repetitive entries, or any recent engine power-related entries.

In November 2014, a 406 MHz emergency locator transmitter (ELT) was installed in the airplane. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATIONThe 1551 AVX automated weather observation included winds from 260º at 11 knots, visibility 10 miles, clear skies, temperature 24º C, dew point 0º C, and an altimeter setting of 30.02 inches of mercury.

The 1651 AVX automated observation was very similar, but included winds from 250º at 14 knots. AIRPORT INFORMATIONFAA information indicated that the airplane was manufactured in 1969, and was equipped with a Lycoming O-320 series engine. A review of airplane maintenance records revealed that the most recent annual inspection was completed in January 2016. At that time, the airplane had a total time in service of about 4,952 hours. The maintenance records did not reveal any unusual or repetitive entries, or any recent engine power-related entries.

In November 2014, a 406 MHz emergency locator transmitter (ELT) was installed in the airplane. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATIONThe wreckage was located in a ravine, approximately 400 feet north-northwest of, and 150 feet below, the runway 22 threshold. The impact location and wreckage area were situated on steeply sloping terrain; ground scars and the final resting point indicated that the airplane slid and/or tumbled downhill from the impact point.

The wreckage came to rest inverted, against an outcrop of small trees. The right wing was fracture-separated from the fuselage, and the fuselage was significantly torn, crumpled, and otherwise deformed.

Detailed examination of the airframe and engine did not reveal any pre-impact mechanical deficiencies or failures that would have precluded continued normal operation and flight. Damage signatures were consistent with the airplane striking terrain in a right wing down, nose-first attitude. The cabin structure retained most of its original occupiable volume, with the exception of the two cockpit footwells. The primary cabin impact damage and deformation was consistent with impact loads applied from the lower forward right side. Additional damage, particularly to the aft fuselage and empennage, was consistent with the airplane tumbling and/or sliding down the steeply-sloped terrain at the accident site.

The fuel selector was found set to the left tank, the flaps were set to about 20º, and the elevator trim was approximately neutral: all of these settings are consistent with those of a normal final approach. Propeller damage was consistent with the engine developing power at the time of impact. Refer to the public docket for this accident for detailed information.

An Appareo brand Stratus 2S GPS device was recovered from the wreckage. The pilot reported that he used the device during the accident flight, so it was sent to the NTSB Recorders Laboratory in Washington DC for data download. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONPilot's Flight Preparations and Recollections

In a telephone interview with the NTSB investigator, the pilot reported that he had never flown into AVX before. Neither the co-owners nor the insurer of the airplane required or suggested any AVX-specific checkout or dual flight prior to solo flights there.

In preparation for the flight, the pilot conducted some research about AVX by speaking with some fellow pilots, and reading on the internet. From that research he learned/recalled that the runway was "bowed," meaning it crested and, after touchdown, appeared shorter than it actually was. The pilot also stated that he learned that there were some "optical illusions" associated with the runway, but other than the "bowed" effect, he was unable to be more specific about what those illusions were.

When the pilot was asked whether, as part of his approach path alignment, he saw or used the PVASI, and what its indications were, he responded that he was unaware of its existence, and did not recall seeing or using any light-based approach slope indicators.

In his discussion shortly after the accident with a sheriff who was a first responder, the pilot reported that when on the final approach, he realized that he was too low and added power to climb. He stated that the right wing went down, and that he "added rudder" but that rudder application was ineffective.

The pilot was able to extract himself from the wreckage, and used his handheld aviation-frequency transceiver to attempt to call for help. Those communications attempts were unsuccessful until N365ES returned and visually located the wreckage.

Accident Notification and Location Activities

The two witnesses from N365ES who believed that N7133G had crashed could not be certain of the accident due their lack of any definitive aural or visual evidence. Their notification to the airport operations staff prompted that individual to conduct a brief visual search, but that search was unsuccessful.

At 1629, which was less than a minute after the accident, the first signal from the airplane's ELT was received by one of the satellites in the detection network. The signal provided the airplane identification, but was insufficient to enable a position solution. Due to the lack of any position information, personnel at the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC) in Florida had to wait for a second detection before they could notify the geographically appropriate search and rescue agency. According to AFRCC personnel, they then began attempting to contact the airplane owners listed on the ELT registration by telephone, but were unsuccessful.

Although the airplane was co-owned by five persons, the ELT registration/contact list only contained three names and phone numbers. One of those persons had sold his share to the accident pilot about 6 weeks prior, and the phone number listed for another co-owner was incorrect. At 1647, the third co-owner (initials "FQ") on the list was telephoned by the AFRCC, but FQ was unable to take the call because he was working.

The next satellite detection of the ELT occurred at 1649, and enabled the first position solution. That solution indicated that the accident site was situated about 4,300 feet southeast of AVX, which was about 5,300 feet from the actual accident location. Based on that position solution, AFRCC notified the United States Coast Guard (USC...