N690LS

HISTORY OF FLIGHTOn September 28, 2021, about 0900 central daylight time, a Rockwell International 690B airplane, N690LS, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Hiles, Wisconsin. The pilot and two passengers sustained fatal injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 aerial imagery survey flight.

According to the operator, the purpose of the flight was to obtain aerial imagery of forest vegetation for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) and ATC information provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) indicated the airplane departed Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport (RHI), Rhinelander, Wisconsin, about 0850. About 8 minutes later, the airplane began to level off at an altitude of about 16,100 ft and accelerated to a maximum recorded groundspeed of 209 knots. Between 0858 and 0900, the airplane’s groundspeed decreased to about 93 knots, and the airplane descended about 500 ft while on a steady northeasterly heading.

The airplane subsequently made a right turn with a rapid descent (see figure 1), and the ADS-B data ended at 0900:56. According to ATC audio, transmissions indicating “mayday, mayday, mayday” and ”we’re in a spin” were broadcast while the accident airplane was in flight.

Figure 1. Airplane flightpath and accident site location.

A witness, who was located about 1 mile from the accident site, reported that he heard a “loud, strange sounding airplane.” He looked up and noticed an airplane “nose down at high rate of speed spinning about its longitudinal axis at about 30 to 60 rpm.” The witness lost sight of the airplane after it descended behind trees, and then he heard an impact. PERSONNEL INFORMATIONThe pilot’s logbook was not located during the investigation. According to training records that the operator provided, on February 5, 2021, the pilot successfully completed Turbo Commander 690B ground and simulator training (10.0 hours) provided by SIMCOM Aviation Training. In addition, on March 19, 2021, the pilot completed 40.9 flight hours in the operator’s Aircraft Familiarization and Pilot Qualification Mentoring Program. AIRCRAFT INFORMATIONAccording to the airplane maintenance records, the airframe’s most recent inspection was a 150-hour periodic inspection, which was performed on September 24, 2021, at a total airframe time of 7,854.7 hours. In addition, the 150-, 200-, and 300-hour inspections were performed on both engines.

In July 2021, the accident pilot performed an in-flight shutdown of the right engine and performed a single-engine landing. According to the engine maintenance work order, “Pilot reported that torque would hang up at 300 HP [horsepower] while power lever at flight idle causing the pilot to shut down the engine to land [the] aircraft.” Maintenance performed a ground run and could not duplicate the problem. According to the work order, the engine fuel control unit and fuel inlet sensor were removed and replaced with overhauled components. No additional maintenance was performed on the right engine between July and September 24, 2021.

The airplane was equipped with a Collins AP-106 Flight Control Systems autopilot. According to its description, the system is a fully integrated autopilot/flight director/compass system that provides the following modes: heading, navigation, altitude hold, and indicated airspeed hold.

The airplane’s stall warning system consisted of a warning horn and a stall warning switch. The switch, installed on the right-wing leading edge, was factory adjusted to close when the airplane was between 4 and 9 knots above the aircraft stall speed.

According to the Commander 690B Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH), section II, Limitations, the airplane’s stall speed with landing gear and flaps retracted at gross weight was 82 knots calibrated airspeed (KCAS), and its minimum controllable airspeed was 86 KCAS.

The POH did not include a procedure for recovery from an inadvertent spin. The POH stated, “acrobatic maneuvers, including spins, are unauthorized.” AIRPORT INFORMATIONAccording to the airplane maintenance records, the airframe’s most recent inspection was a 150-hour periodic inspection, which was performed on September 24, 2021, at a total airframe time of 7,854.7 hours. In addition, the 150-, 200-, and 300-hour inspections were performed on both engines.

In July 2021, the accident pilot performed an in-flight shutdown of the right engine and performed a single-engine landing. According to the engine maintenance work order, “Pilot reported that torque would hang up at 300 HP [horsepower] while power lever at flight idle causing the pilot to shut down the engine to land [the] aircraft.” Maintenance performed a ground run and could not duplicate the problem. According to the work order, the engine fuel control unit and fuel inlet sensor were removed and replaced with overhauled components. No additional maintenance was performed on the right engine between July and September 24, 2021.

The airplane was equipped with a Collins AP-106 Flight Control Systems autopilot. According to its description, the system is a fully integrated autopilot/flight director/compass system that provides the following modes: heading, navigation, altitude hold, and indicated airspeed hold.

The airplane’s stall warning system consisted of a warning horn and a stall warning switch. The switch, installed on the right-wing leading edge, was factory adjusted to close when the airplane was between 4 and 9 knots above the aircraft stall speed.

According to the Commander 690B Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH), section II, Limitations, the airplane’s stall speed with landing gear and flaps retracted at gross weight was 82 knots calibrated airspeed (KCAS), and its minimum controllable airspeed was 86 KCAS.

The POH did not include a procedure for recovery from an inadvertent spin. The POH stated, “acrobatic maneuvers, including spins, are unauthorized.” WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATIONThe airplane wreckage was located in remote wetlands and wooded terrain (see figure 2). The wreckage was distributed in an area with a diameter of about 150 ft.

Figure 2. Accident site and main wreckage.

Most of the main wreckage was highly fragmented and submerged beneath the water surface; other debris was located in the adjacent trees. The forward fuselage, fragmented sections of the wings, and a portion of the rear fuselage were submerged in the wetlands. A smell of Jet A aviation fuel and sheen on the wetlands were noted at the accident site.

The cockpit and fuselage were crushed aft and fragmented by impact forces. Flight control cable continuity could not be established due to the fragmentation of the airplane. All flight control cable connections exhibited tensile overload fractures. The primary and secondary control surfaces were found fragmented within the debris field.

Examination and disassembly of the left and right engines revealed damage that was consistent with engine rotation and operation at the time of the impact. Examination of the propeller blades indicated that both the left and right blades showed evidence of aft bending and twisting to a low-pitch position. Blade butt impact marks indicated aft impact loads consistent with a low blade angle, low power, and a steep impact angle. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONAircraft Performance Study

An aircraft performance study was conducted for this investigation. The study was largely based on ADS-B data. Figure 3 shows the ADS-B altitude and estimated airspeed for the 11-minute flight in an overhead view. The airplane’s airspeed was estimated to be at the stall speed at the altitude, airspeed, and time marked in red in the figure.

Figure 3. ADS-B altitudes and airspeeds for the accident flight.

At 0900:38.7, the airplane pitched down in excess of 30° and descended at a rate that reached 20,000 ft per minute. About the time that the airplane pitched down, the estimated normal load factor decreased from about 1.6 Gs to less than 1 G.

The study stated that a decrease in normal load factor is consistent a stall when the wing reaches its critical angle of attack, at which time the air flow becomes separated at the wing and the wing can no longer generate the necessary lift. The study also stated that a spin could result if an airplane were in uncoordinated flight at the time of a stall.

Airplane Stall/Spin Recovery Procedures Certification

The accident airplane was certificated under Civil Air Regulations Part 3 (CAR 3) for normal-category operations. According to the FAA, per CAR 3.20(a)(1), the airplane was intended for non-aerobatic, nonscheduled passenger, and nonscheduled cargo operations. For this operational category, manufacturers are not required to include spin recovery procedures in the POH, but there is a requirement for airplanes to be placarded against spins. For the accident airplane model, the required placard was located on the left side of instrument panel. The FAA stated that some normal-category airplanes have a placard describing the control inputs required for recovery from spinning maneuvers, but these placards are only required for utility- and acrobatic-category airplanes, and there are no regulatory requirements to include these procedures in the POH.

As previously stated, the POH for the accident airplane model (a 690B) does not contain the recovery procedures, but the POHs for the 690C and 690D models POHs contain the recovery procedure. The FAA stated that it was unclear why the POH for the 690C and 690D models had spin recovery procedures given that the POH for the accident model and the 690A did not.

In addition, the FAA stated that guidance from General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA) Specification No. 1, “Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook,” section 3.9(h), Spins, suggested that “it is largely up to the applicant’s [that is, manufacturer’s] discretion as to the inclusion of...