N2522S

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On May 15, 2000, at 1233 mountain daylight time, a Cessna Skymaster T337C, N2522S, was destroyed following impact with terrain in an uncontrolled descent near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The airline transport pilot and his passenger were fatally injured. Courtney Aviation (dba Skystar, Inc.), of Columbia, California, was operating the airplane under contract to the United States Forest Service (USFS) under Title 14 CFR Part 91. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the local flight that originated from Alamogordo, approximately 4 minutes before the accident. No flight plan had been filed with the FAA Flight Service Station, but the USFS had their own internal flight plan and flight following procedures.

According to the pilot's employer, the pilot flew the airplane on May 12 from California to Alamogordo, New Mexico, for a long-term contract with the USFS. According to a USFS representative, the pilot flew forest fire reconnaissance flights on May 13 (5.4 hours) and May 14 (1.6 hours).

On May 15, the pilot was briefed to fly a 3 hour fire watch mission over Lincoln National Forest, just east of Alamogordo. The pilot and his passenger were scheduled to depart between 1100 and 1130, but they were observed in the break area talking with each other at 1155. When USFS personnel reminded them of their departure time, they immediately went to their airplane.

Radar data indicates a target departed on runway 21 at 1229 and made a left hand climbing turn to the northeast. Radar data indicates that the average rate of climb for the 3 and half-minute flight was 519 feet per minute. From 1230:52 to 1231:29, the rate of climb was 804 feet per minute; during the next 47 seconds, the rate of climb dropped to 384 feet per minute. At 1232:06, the target leveled off at 6,100 feet, and slowed to 97 knots. The radar data indicates that during the last two minutes of flight, the target flew directly at the mountain cliffs (USFS pilots reported good up drafts near these cliffs during the previous several days). The FAA prints a publication on Tips on Mountain Flying for their General Aviation Accident Prevention Program that states the following: "A mountain ridgeline should be crossed at an angle to allow the pilot to turn away from the ridge with the least amount of turn required should down air be encountered."

The 4 radar returns at 6,100 feet (1232:06 to 1232:20) were flown over a steeply rising valley with a minimum terrain clearance of 400 to 500 feet. The radar data indicates that the target then turned more easterly, and the altitude was approximately 6,200 feet with terrain clearances as low as 200 feet. The target was then tracked flying over the edge of a 1,000 foot canyon to the south. Next the target turned northward, and disappeared near the point of impact. Later flights by USFS aircraft, in this geographical area, reported "strong turbulence and very strong variable vertical air movements."

A witness, located approximately 11,000 feet away, said that the airplane was flying in a northeasterly direction and "appeared to by flying very slow." He could not hear any sound coming from the airplane. It then turned north followed by the airplane's wing "dropping downward towards the ground." He said the "airplane went straight down rotating to the left, and disappeared behind the mountain." Seconds later, he heard the impact and saw smoke rising from behind the ridge.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

According to FAA records, the pilot was an airline transport pilot, a flight instructor, and an airframe mechanic. On his USDA Forest Service application dated May 10, 2000, he stated that he had 8,800 hours of total flight experience, with 875 hours in the Cessna T337C. He also reported that he had 3,500 hours of mountain flight experience.

The pilot flew his last FAA Part 135 proficiency check ride, in a Cessna 337, on April 26, 2000.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The airplane was a twin engine, propeller-driven, five seat, centerline thrust airplane, which was manufactured by Cessna Aircraft Company, in 1967. It was powered by two TCM TSIO-360A, six cylinder, reciprocating, horizontally opposed, direct drive, air cooled, fuel injected, turbo-charged engines, which had a maximum takeoff rating of 210 horsepower at sea level. At the last annual inspection on May 10, 2000, the documented airframe total time was 3,676 hours. Both engines had 775 hours since major overhaul. Witnesses estimated that the airplane had flown approximately 8 hours since annual inspection.

The airplane was equipped with a Robertson STOL (short takeoff and landing) kit (stall speed 47 knots). The airplane also had Graphic Engine Monitors (GEM-603) on both engines. The airplane was fueled at Alamogordo on the morning of the accident by the Fixed Base Operator's manager, and he said that each of the four fuel tanks were topped off (totaling approximately 30 gallons of 100LL).

The airplane was painted during the previous winter, and came out of the paint shop on March 15, 2000. Subsequently, both engines were cleaned and a control cable to the cowl flaps was replaced. The owner estimated that the airplane had flown for 35 to 40 hours from the time it came out of the paint shop until the accident.

METEOROLGICAL CONDITIONS

At 1229, the weather conditions at the Alamogordo-White Sands Regional Airport (elevation 4,197 feet), 220 degrees 10 nautical miles (nm) from the accident site, were as follows: wind 170 degrees at 14 knots gusting to 23 knots; visibility 10 statute miles; cloud condition clear; temperature 93 degrees Fahrenheit; dew point 46 degrees Fahrenheit; altimeter setting 30.05 inches. The airplane's impact location had a density altitude calculated at 9,986 feet.

A fire spread in all directions from the downed airplane. The first aircraft to arrive at the accident scene was a USFS Beech Baron. The pilot reported very heavy turbulence with strong up and down drafts. He believed they were plus and minus 2,000 feet or more. The USFS dispatched slurry bombers to put the secondary grass/brush fire out. The first bomber pilot to the scene reported "really bad air, a lot of turbulence, and strong downdrafts." He said that he aborted two approaches from his bombing runs because of "rough, turbulent, and irregular air." On the third approach, he released his load.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The airplane was found upright (8.5 nm from Alamogordo's airport at 055 degrees) on a flat mesa (N32 degrees, 52.20'; W105 degrees, 53.73'; elevation 6,257 feet). The soil was sandy to small gravel in size, with scattered grasses, yuccas, and occasional 10 to 15 foot cedars. The impact site was approximately 250 feet north of a 1,000 foot cliff, which lead to the valley below.

The right wing leading edge was crushed aft in accordion like fashion almost to the aileron. The nose section of the front engine was crushed, and the spinner was compressed aft and up with no spiraling signatures. A 38 to 40 foot long ground scar (the airplane's wing span was 38 feet) was found on a 245-065 degree orientation with 1 foot deep hole in the center. Red navigation lens fragments were found on the northeastern most end of the ground scar, and blue/green navigation lens fragments were found on the southwestern end of the scar. Ten feet north of the hole (bearing 015 degrees) was the front engine, behind that was the burnt remains of the fuselage (oriented 190 degrees), and then the rear engine.

All of the airplane's major components were accounted for at the accident site. The flight control surfaces were all identified. The right aileron control cable continuity was confirmed to the bell crank. Rudder cable continuity was confirmed along both tail booms to the trailing edge of the wings. Elevator cable continuity was confirmed along the left tail boom to the trailing edge of the left wing. The flap actuator in the right wing indicated that the wing flaps were up. The landing gear was in the up position. All the cockpit controls and instrumentation were consumed by fire.

The right wing was found angled forward, the left wing was angled rearward, the tail booms were angled counter-clockwise to the right. All the fuel tanks were compromised and/or burned; the left fuel selector (front engine) was found in the left auxiliary, and the right fuel selector (rear engine) was found between the right main and fuel shutoff. The right fuel selector was impact damaged. The owner of the airplane said that normal operating procedure was to fly on the main fuel tank for 1 hour, then select the auxiliary tank fuel. In the manufacturer's Owner's Manual for the airplane, it states that the fuel selector should be in the main tank position for takeoff and landing.

The rear engine was found with its forward firewall wrapped around it. After melted accessories were removed, the engine was manually rotated, verifying internal continuity. "Thumb compression" was obtained from all cylinders, except for #1 and #2. The pistons in these two cylinders were observed to move. The engine exhibited major thermal damage, mainly on the upper half. The spark plug electrodes varied in color from white, to black, to shinny. The turbocharger and housing had no impact signatures. The rear propeller blades were found feathered with no chordwise striations, leading edge damage, or "S" type blade twisting. The propeller manufacturer's representative said that the rear propeller hub received minimal damage, which indicated to him that the pilot manually feathered it.

The front engine sustained heavy thermal damage and received extensive impact damage on the nose section of the case (fractured/missing). The crankshaft was pushed aft breaking the shaft at cheek number 7 through one side of the lightening hole. Cheek numbers 6, 7 and 8 were bent aft pinching their connecting rod big ends. The number 5 con...