N111XN

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On July 9, 2011, at 1239 eastern daylight time, an Aero Vodochody L-39C, N111XN, incurred substantial damage during a landing overrun at Greenwood Lake Airport (4N1), West Milford, New Jersey. The certificated private pilot was seriously injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan was filed for the Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight that departed from Orange County Airport (MGJ), Montgomery, New York.

According to the pilot, he departed MGJ at 1220 for 4N1. While he was approaching 4N1 there was one other airplane in the traffic pattern that was going to land on runway 6. The pilot checked the winds and determined that due to a crosswind it would be more favorable for him to land on runway 24. He then radioed his intention to land on runway 24 and asked the pilot of the other airplane to notify him when he had cleared the runway.

Once he was notified that the other airplane had cleared the runway, the pilot flew over the airport at midfield and entered the traffic pattern for landing on runway 24. He then set the wing flaps to the full extension position and reduced his airspeed. He touched down 5 to 6 feet prior to the painted "24" on the runway at approximately 106 knots indicated air speed (IAS). The pilot then lowered the nose of the airplane and "retracted" the wing flaps. He then pushed the control stick forward and applied the brakes by squeezing the control stick mounted brake handle but, braking did not occur. He then let go of the handle and checked to make sure that the hydraulic pressure was at 135 kiloponds per square centimeter or more. He then applied the brakes a second time but there was still no braking and he was now almost half way down the runway.

He contemplated "pushing power" but did not, as he thought it was too risky. Instead, he continued to allow the airplane to slow down. The pilot then extended the speed brakes, wiggled the control stick, and pushed the control stick forward and applied the brakes for a third time. At this point he had only 25 percent of the runway remaining and his airspeed was indicating 95 knots. He then applied the brakes for a fourth time and felt the antiskid system engage. He then looked to his left and observed that there was a hill and trees, and that the area was clear so he applied left rudder and steered the airplane to the left as he was concerned their might be residences straight ahead of him. He then saw a fence. The airplane then struck the fence and traveled through it at approximately 80 knots IAS. The airplane then came to rest inverted with the engine still running. The pilot attempted to shutdown the engine but due to the damage to the airplane and his injuries, he was unable to shut it down. The engine eventually shutdown by itself and the pilot was extricated approximately 2 hours later from the forward cockpit by public safety personnel after deactivating the ejection seat and cutting away a log which was wedged against his chest.

According to witnesses who observed the airplane moments before the accident, the airplane appeared to be moving quickly prior to touching down on runway 24 and though witnesses differed as to the exact touchdown point of the airplane the preponderance of witness statements revealed that it touched down approximately 300 to 400 feet past the painted "24" on the runway.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records, the pilot held a private pilot certificate with a rating for airplane single-engine land, airplane multi-engine land, and instrument airplane. He also possessed an authorization from the FAA which allowed him to operate the L-39 under visual flight rules. His most recent FAA third-class medical certificate was issued on June 29, 2011. He reported that he had accrued 1,700 total hours of flight experience, 60 of which were in the L-39.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The accident airplane was a two seat, pressurized, subsonic jet trainer of conventional metal construction, capable of traveling at speeds in excess of 400 knots.

It was powered by an Ivenchenko AI-25TL turbofan engine that produced 3,850 pounds of thrust at maximum rpm. It did not have a thrust reverser and at idle would produce 297 pounds of thrust.

It was equipped with air brakes, hydraulically actuated wheel brakes, an antiskid system, and an emergency braking system. It was also equipped with two VS-1-BRI rocket assisted ejection seats which in addition to being operable when airborne were also operable on the ground down to a speed of 81 knots.

According to FAA and maintenance records, the airplane was manufactured in 1989. It was operated by the Kyrgyz Republic Air Force along with 95 other L-39s that were obtained from the former United Soviet Socialist Republic. It was deregistered on March 19, 1999 by the Kyrgyz Republic Ministry of Defense, and then was imported into the United States. After passing through several owners, it was purchased by the pilot on November 3, 2009.

The airplane’s most recent conditional inspection was completed on March 15, 2011. During that inspection the airplane's brakes were removed and replaced. At the time of the inspection, the airplane had accrued 659.6 total hours of operation.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

The recorded weather at 4N1 at 1239, included: wind 190 degrees at 5 knots, visibility 10 miles, sky clear, temperature 27 degrees C, dew point 21 degrees C, and an altimeter setting of 29.88 inches of mercury.

AIRPORT INFORMATION

Greenwood Lake airport was uncontrolled and had one runway, 06/24. The runway was asphalt, and in good condition. The total length was 4,000 feet long and 60 feet wide. It was marked with nonprecision markings that were in good condition

Usable length for landing on runway 24 was 3,471 feet due to a displaced threshold on the end of runway 06, marked as a taxiway aligned with a runway, and a chevroned runway safety area on the end of runway 24.

A 2-light precision approach path indicator installed on the left side of runway 24 displayed a 3.50 degree glide path.

Obstructions existed on the approach path in the form of trees. A 23 foot high tree existed 230 feet from the runway, 132 feet left of the centerline, which took a 1:1 slope to clear, and a 17 foot high tree, existed 95 feet from the approach end, 90 feet left of the centerline.

A cliff existed on the departure end and trees were present both below the runway's altitude, and 192 feet in height above it, 1,988 feet from the departure end, and 170 feet right of the centerline. A 9:1 slope was required to clear them.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

Examination of the runway revealed that skid marks which matched the width of the L-39s main landing gear geometry were visible on runway 24. Further examination revealed that the skid marks started approximately 1,270 feet past the painted "24" on the runway, and continued until they left the end of the paved portion of runway.

Examination of the accident site revealed that after leaving the runway, the airplane struck a 4 foot high chain link security fence at the edge of the runway, struck a small tree, went over an embankment then impacted terrain and nosed over, coming to rest in a gully upside down, with the nose of the airplane facing the departure end of runway 24, with an approximate 40 foot section of the security fencing laying next to it.

Examination of the wreckage revealed that the nose section of the airplane was crushed back to the approximate location of the forward cockpit and the nose wheel landing gear assembly was covered with dirt.

Further examination revealed that landing gear was extended, the gear doors were open, and the ram-jet turbine was in the extended (deployed) position. The flaps were in the landing position, and there was foliage in the flap slots and flap stowage wells. Dirt was also splattered on their lower panels.

TESTS AND RESEARCH

Hydraulic System

The airplane's hydraulic power supply system was comprised of both a main and emergency system.

The main system provided the hydraulic pressure necessary to operate the landing gear, wheel brakes, wing flaps, airbrakes, and the ram-jet turbine. The main supply system consisted of a reservoir, an engine driven variable flow hydraulic pump, filters, a relief valve, and a pressure accumulator.

The emergency system provided the hydraulic pressure required for emergency extension of the landing gear, wing flaps, and the ram-jet turbine in an emergency and also for the operation of the emergency brake.

The main and emergency systems were separated by a solenoid operated valve preset to a certain value. The main system would charge the emergency system when the landing gear was extended and the pressure in the main system would rise above 95 kiloponds per square centimeter. With retraction of the landing gear after takeoff, charging of the emergency system would stop until the landing gear was once again extended.

Both the main and emergency systems were also fitted with a pressure indicating system connected to two pressure gauges labeled "MAIN" and "EMERGENCY" located in the right rear console of the cockpit.

Ram-Jet Turbine and Landing Gear System

According to the L-39C flight manual, the ram-jet turbine used pressure from the main hydraulic system for extension and retraction and would provide an alternate source of electrical power in the event of a failure of the engine driven main generator. It would extend automatically whenever there was a drop in the airplane's main voltage and would automatically retract if the main voltage was restored, the nosewheel contacted the runway de-activating the weight-on-wheels (WOW) switch, or during emergency ground retraction of the landing gear. It also could be extended by means of an emergency lever located in the cockpit.

The landing gear system provided normal and emergency extension of the airplane's lan...