N1487C

A loss of separation occurred between Southwest Airlines (SWA) Flight #821, a Boeing 737-700 and N1487C, a Cirrus SR-22 in the vicinity of Orlando, Florida. The closest point of approach between the two aircraft, both assigned operating altitudes of 11,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), was 100 feet vertical and 0.1 mile lateral. The minimum required IFR separation between these two aircraft was 1000 feet vertical or 3 nautical miles lateral.

N1487C, a Cirrus SR-22

The Cirrus was on a 14 CFR Part 91 IFR planned flight from Picayune Municipal Airport (MJD), Picayune, Mississippi to Kissimmee Gateway Airport (ISM), Orlando, Florida with a pilot and one passenger on board. After departing from MJD, the pilot of the Cirrus obtained an airborne IFR clearance to ISM from Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) on frequency 127.65 and was assigned a mode 3 transponder code of 7427 and an en route altitude of 11,000 feet MSL. As the Cirrus pilot proceeded toward his destination of ISM, he was directed to contact Pensacola (PNS) Approach on frequency 118.60, and then on frequency 119.0 and was routed via a shortcut over the Gulf of Mexico to the Cross City (CTY) VOR in Florida. The Cirrus pilot stated that PNS then transferred him to Eglin (VPS) Approach on frequency 132.1. The VPS controller acknowledged the Cirrus pilot and inquired about his route. The Cirrus pilot told the VPS controller that the previous controller had given him airborne routing direct to CTY, then direct ISM. As the Cirrus pilot continued en route to ISM he continued to hear pilots talk on the frequency and noticed that the frequency was getting "busier". About 60 to 100 nautical miles from ISM, even though he continued to hear radio communications on frequency 132.1, the pilot stated that he started to get concerned because no one had called him and he needed to start his descent. The Cirrus pilot called VPS approach several times with no contact, so he went back to his previous frequency of 119.0 for PNS but was not able to neither establish communications nor receive any radio transmissions. The Cirrus pilot then attempted to contact Jacksonville ARTCC without success.

The Cirrus pilot stated that he did not attempt to establish contact on the VHF emergency frequency, 121.5, because he was busy trying to find a frequency for Jacksonville ARTCC.

Referring to a low altitude navigation chart, the Cirrus pilot noted the frequency 127.55 for Jacksonville ARTCC, dialed it in, and as he was about to call Jacksonville ARTCC, the Skywatch on-board traffic alerting system began giving him "traffic" aural alerts. The Cirrus pilot noticed a large jet coming up close on the left side of his airplane at the same altitude. The Cirrus pilot stated the jet came up on his airplane from behind, and by the time the Cirrus pilot visually observed the jet, it was "banking to the left" from his 10 o'clock position. The Cirrus pilot stated his airspeed was about 195 knots, and the jet did not pass him quickly. The Cirrus pilot not know what type of airplane the jet was or what airline it was, but "it was pretty close," happened very fast and the sight of the jet and nearly simultaneous aural traffic alerts from the Skywatch on-board traffic alerting system was startling.

As the event was unfolding, the Cirrus pilot established communications with Jacksonville ARTCC who in turn directed the pilot to contact Central Florida terminal radar approach control (TRACON) on frequency 125.55. Central Florida TRACON provided the Cirrus radar vectors to ISM where the Cirrus executed an uneventful landing.

SWA821, a B737-700

The B737 was on a scheduled 14 CFR Part 121 IFR planned flight from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Phoenix, Arizona to Orlando International Airport (MCO), Orlando, Florida with a crew of five, one jump seat observer occupying the aft jump seat, and 137 passengers.

The B737 departed PHX at 1338 EST, for a scheduled 3 hour and 55 minute flight to MCO. The crew was on the final day of a three day pairing, and was on their second flight of the day having flown to PHX from the Ontario International Airport (ONT), Ontario, California earlier that morning. The First Officer was the pilot flying (PF) and the Captain was the pilot monitoring (PM) for the PHX to MCO flight.

As the B737 approached MCO, while still under control of Jacksonville ARTCC, the ARTCC air traffic controller asked the pilot to go off frequency to attempt contact a Cirrus SR22 that air traffic control did not have radio communications with on frequency 132.1. The Captain of the B737, as PM, transferred the primary radios to the First Officer and put the frequency 132.1 into the number two radio. The B737 made multiple attempts to contact the Cirrus without success. As the B737 approached the airspace boundary between Jacksonville ARTCC and Central Florida TRACON, Jacksonville ARTCC directed the B737 to contact Central Florida TRACON and advised the pilot that the Central Florida TRACON controller had a request. After establishing communications with Central Florida TRACON, the Captain of the B737 was advised that air traffic control had been out of communications with a Cirrus for about an hour and half prior and requested that the B737 visual inspection the Cirrus to check the condition of the airplane. The Captain agreed to the ATC request. According to the pilots' statements, the Captain and First Officer did not brief the maneuver or contingencies before complying with the ATC request, and there was no briefing made to the flight attendants or passengers. The B737 did not cancel its IFR flight plan. As the B737 approached the Cirrus, contrary to the Southwest Airlines Flight Operations Manual (FOM), the flight crew turned the TCAS transponder from Traffic Advisory/Resolution Advisor (TA/RA) to TA ONLY in anticipation of receiving a resolution advisory due to proximity of the B737 to the Cirrus.

Central Florida TRACON directed the B737 to descend from 11,000 feet to 10,000 feet. The B737 Captain had a visual acquisition of the Cirrus as they were passing 10,500 feet and reported a visual acquisition of the Cirrus to Central Florida TRACON. The Central Florida TRACON controller then instructed the B737 to maintain 11,000, the same altitude as the Cirrus, slow to 190 knots and "navigate on your own as close as you can do safely" and provide information on what was observed during the flyby. The B737 approached the Cirrus from below and on the left side of the Cirrus. The B737 Captain noticed the Cirrus turning left and after querying Orlando TRACON, was advised that the left turn was in response to Cirrus flight plan. The B737 paralleled the Cirrus' left turn. The B737 Captain reported to Central Florida TRACON that the Cirrus was flying straight and level with no apparent damage and that PM observed a black silhouette in the cockpit of the Cirrus but could not determine if it was male or female. There was no communication between the B737 and the Cirrus.

According to radar data provided by the FAA, the closest point of approach between the B737 and the Cirrus was 0.1 mile lateral and 100 feet vertical. Following the visual inspections of the Cirrus, Central Florida TRACON vectored the B737 to an uneventful landing at MCO.

Air Traffic Control

After departing MJD, the Cirrus pilot communicated with Houston ARTCC on frequency 127.65 and was issued an IFR clearance to ISM. Houston ARTCC transferred communication to Pensacola (PNS) TRACON on frequency 118.60. PNS then transferred communication with the Cirrus to an adjacent PNS sector frequency 119.0. PNS transferred the Cirrus to Eglin TRACON on frequency 132.1. After querying the Cirrus pilot about his route of flight and approaching the boundary of Eglin's airspace, Eglin TRACON directed the pilot to contact Tyndall TRACON on frequency 125.2 at 16:41. The Cirrus pilot did not respond. For the next ten minutes, while the Cirrus was still in Eglin's airspace, the Eglin controller made 12 attempts to contact the Cirrus pilot on frequency 132.1 and VHF Guard frequency, 121.5, without success. The Cirrus exited Eglin's airspace and transited Tyndall's airspace on its filed course and altitude without communicating with ATC. Tyndall TRACON made several attempts to establish communications prior to transferring control to Jacksonville ARTCC sector R28, 20 miles east of the Jacksonville ARTCC/Tyndall TRACON airspace boundary at 15:01. At 15:04 the Jacksonville ARTCC R28 controller accepted the handoff from Tyndall approach and at 15:08 the Cirrus entered Jacksonville ARTCC airspace. At 15:09 the Jacksonville ARTCC watch manager in charge (WMIC) notified the Domestic Events Network (DEN) that the Cirrus was not communicating and was considered a no radio (NORDO) flight.

The Domestic Event Network (DEN) was a 24 hour a day, 7 day a week FAA sponsored recorded telephonic conference call network that includes all of the U.S. air route traffic control centers (ARTCC) and other Governmental agencies. The purpose of the DEN is to provide timely notification to the appropriate authority that there is an emerging air-related problem or incident. Jacksonville ARTCC was the only facility to coordinate with the DEN during this NORDO incident.

The Cirrus transited through Jacksonville ARTCC airspace sectors R28, R14 and R15 before being transferred to Central Florida TRACON. During the 40 minutes in Jacksonville ARTCC airspace, ATC attempted to contact the Cirrus on frequency 132.1 and VHF Guard 121.5 on multiple occasions. Additional efforts to establish communications with the Cirrus included air to air relays by airborne aircraft and a request to St. Petersburg flight service station to broadcast instructions to Cirrus pilot to contact Jacksonville ARTCC on frequency 133.32 via the Ocala VOR.

As the Cirrus was approaching the airspace boundary between Jacksonville ARTCC and Central...